azolla and duckweed nutrition facts

Azolla, duckweed and salvinia. It has been empirically observed, and well appreciated by rice farmers, that azolla suppresses the growth of some aquatic weeds by forming a thick mat that deprives weed seedlings of sunlight while mechanically preventing them from emerging (Lumpkin et al., 1985; Van Hove et al., 1996). Gavina, L. D., 1994. It has been reported to disrupt fishing, access to water by livestock, impede water flow in ditches, clog pipes, pumps and floodgates and interfere with watercress cultivation (Lumpkin et al., 1980). Duckweed grows on water with relatively hi… Effect of different levels of, Giridhar, K. ; Rajendran, D., 2013. The lack of dissolved oxygen in water bodies, through its uptake by microbes for decomposition of organic compounds, produces degrees of anaerobiosis that results in m… Inclusion of dried azolla up to 15% increased performance though it depressed nutrient digestibility. Azolla was also mentioned as a poultry feed in Peru in the 18th century (Feuillée, 1725). Culture of azolla and its efficacy in diet of, Domínguez, P. L. ; Molinet, Y. ; Ly, J., 1996. Sun-dried azolla replaced 25% of the protein in the concentrate (azolla 225 g/d). Rural Dev., 14 (1): 1-6. Lower DM and protein digestibilities and higher intakes were found in another experiments with 10 or 20% dried azolla in the diet (Wadhwani et al., 2010). Azolla is usually dried in the shade and stored dry, for example in a plastic bin, for later use (Giridhar et al., 2013). Nutritional value of aquatic ferns (, Leterme, P. ; Londoño, A. M. ; Ordoñez, D. C. ; Rosalesa, A. ; Estrada, F. ; Bindelle, J. ; Buldgen, A., 2010. 13th December 2007 Prepared For: Goulburn Broken Catchment Authority. Azolla meal as a supplemental feed ingredient for tilapias. Oran et al (1987) Fresh duckweed contains about 92-94% water. Azolla fed at up to 10% gave the best performance. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture: A review. The crude protein content of duckweeds ranges from 7 to 45% DM, depending on nitrogen availability (Culley et al., 1981). Duckweed packs crude protein of 35 to 43 percent, fiber of 5 to 15 percent, polyunsaturated fat of 5 percent, and a host of trace minerals, calcium and Vitamins A and B. 0 to 5% dried azolla partially replacing soybean meal. Nutritional evaluation of aquatic plants for pigs: pepsin/pancreatin digestibility of six plant species. Indian Vet. Duckweeds tend to be associated with fertile, even eutrophic conditions. NAGA, The ICLARM Quarterly, 17 (2): 18-20. Facts Among the smallest of all flowering plants, common duckweed is a free-floating aquatic perennial that forms a floating mat of minute foliage on the water surface. Buckingham, K. W. ; Ela, S. W. ; Morris, J. G. ; Goldman, C. R., 1978. Azolla as cattle feed. It is usually in the 20-30°C range, though Azolla mexicana is more tolerant of temperatures over 30°C. While quantities of trace elements and heavy metals are unlikely to reach toxic levels in farmed azolla, azolla used for bioremediation should not be fed to animals (Leterme et al., 2009). Rabbit Sci., 11 (1): 1-21, Accodji, J. ; Fiogbe, E. ; Gangbazo, K., 2009. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. Sci., 2 (2): 68-72, Reddy, K. R. ; DeBusk, W. F., 1985. Effect of dietary Azolla on cholesterol content in broiler chicken. Egypt. The following nutritional values for fresh and dry azolla as a livestock feed are from Feedipedia: ‘an on-line encyclopedia of animal feeds’. Azolla at 5% resulted in satisfactory growth. The main objective of Feedipedia is to provide extension and development workers, planners, project formulators, livestock farmers, science managers, policy makers, students and researchers with the latest scientific information to help them identify, characterize and properly use feed resources to sustainably develop the livestock sector. Azolla (, IRRI, 1987. Partial substitution of soya bean meal by fish meal in a diet for growing pigs composed of sugar cane juice, palm oil and azolla. For centuries, it has been recognized as a useful plant in Southern China and Northern Vietnam, where it has been used as a biofertilizer and green manure for the rice crop due to its N-fixing abilities (Van Hove et al., 1996). The fish fed in ponds also had a more valuable fatty acid profile (lower n-3:n-6 ratio) (Abou et al., 2013). Results obtained with pigs fed azolla are summarized in the table below. Feeding value of azolla (, Tamizhkumaran, J. ; Rao, S. V. N., 2012. In Nile tilapia fed up to 50% dried Azolla filiculoides in concrete tanks or in earthen ponds, fish grown in tanks performed less well than fish grown in ponds, due to the presence of natural feeds in the ponds. In Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus), feeding azolla fresh, powdered or pelleted, replacing 10 to 90% of the control diet was detrimental to all performance parameters. Eco-Agric., 17 (3): 574-579, 2 kg/d fresh azolla replacing 50% of concentrate for 3 months. For that reason, it has been extensively studied and tested since the 2000s as a candidate for the bioremediation of waste waters and effluents (see the review of Sood et al., 2012). Azolla is a highly productive plant and it doubles its biomass in 4–10 days period, depending on conditions, and yield can reach up to 8–12 tonnes/ha in Asian rice fields. Napier grass/rice straw/rice bran diet supplemented either with 1 kg sesame meal or 1.5 kg fresh azolla for 120 d. Higher milk yield and milk fat with the supplemented diets. Most of the feeding trials with azolla in dairy cattle (cows and buffaloes), growing buffaloes, sheep and goats have been carried out in India. Like most aquatic plants, azolla is rich in mineral matter (10-20% DM) and can be used as a source of macro and micro minerals. In a semi-intensive carp polyculture system, diets containing 10 to 40% dried azolla had no significant affect on the water quality, except for the nitrate-nitrogen content. Although Azolla can grow on wet mud surfaces or wet pit litters, it prefers a free-floating state. Phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophyte, Subudhi, B. P. R. ; Singh, P. K., 1978. Higher final weight, growth and feed conversion ratio with azolla, no effect on egg production and immunocompetence. Parabel's first product – Lentein Complete – is a water soluble wholefood fine free-flowing powder with 45-50% protein and 35-45% dietary fiber, slated to launch in 2017. Replacement of the concentrate with 15 or 25% dried azolla. Nutritional value and intake of aquatic ferns (Azolla filiculoides Lam. FAO, Roma, Chara, J. D. ; Suarez J. C., 1993. Percentage of protein (nitrogen) in azolla - 25-35% - see link; Growth rate of duckweed per square meter of surface area - 5 grams dry weight - see duckweed page; Growth rate of azolla for the same - Average grams ammonia produced per person per day - a person needs 2/grams nitrogen, so assume that a person eliminates approximately the same per day. 53 pp. Performance was maintained up to 7.5% inclusion rate. Sci. Basak, B. ; Pramanik, A. H. ; Rahman, M. S. ; Tarafdar, S. U. ; Roy, B. C., 2002. See more ideas about Aquaponics, Hydroponics, Aquaculture. Effect of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) based concentrate mixture on nutrient utilization in buffalo bulls. Human activities have, in general, resulted in much higher flows of minerals and organic materials through aquatic systems, often leading to eutrophication and a huge drop in the biomass produced in such systems. These species have been dispersed by man and can be found outside their native regions (Lumpkin et al., 1980). Reduced performance in the growing phase but faster growth in the period from 24 to 89 kg. Protein fractionation and in vitro digestibility of, Alalade, O. Azolla filiculoides is one of just two fern species for which a reference genome has been published. Int. Naga, 23 (1): 4-10, Cagauan, A. G., 1999. Pig-duck-fish-azolla integration in La Union, Philippines. In: Biological Nitrogen Fixation Associated with Rice Production (Rahman M, Podder AK, Van Hove C, Begum ZNT, Heulin T and Hartmann A eds.) Environmental requirements for successful Azolla growth. Chemical composition and the feeding value of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal for egg-type chicks. Technol., 155 (1): 55–64. It spoils in less than 48 hours in tropical conditions (Kumar, 2011) although it may have a shelf life of 7 days in colder climates (Huggins, 2007). The Plants Database includes the following 9 species of Lemna . One of the more important factors influencing the distribution of wetland plants, and aquatic plants in particular, is nutrient availability. These findings were later confirmed in field trials that showed that larval density was greatly reduced when 75% of the water surface was covered by azolla (Lu BaoLin et al., 1989). In: Makkar, H. P. S. (Ed). ; Azolla microphylla Kaulf. Becerra, M. ; Murgueitio, E. ; Reyes, G. ; Preston, T. R., 1990. Nutritional value of aquatic ferns (Azolla filiculoides Lam. Sun-dried azolla fed at 10, 20 and 30% of the diet, Best daily gain occurred with azolla included at 10%. You will likely find snails around your garden as this offers them plenty of fresh plants and leaves to eat. Nile tilapia fingerlings and adults fed Azolla pinnata as a fish meal replacer at substitution levels of 25-100% performed extremely poorly even at the lowest level (El-Sayed, 1992). Int. Azolla (, Ali, M. A. ; Leeson, S., 1994. Nutritional value and intake of aquatic ferns (, Liu Xiang ; Takayama, K. ; Yamashita, K. ; Nakanishi, Y. ; Manda, M. ; Inanaga, J., 1998. ex Mett. Chickens fed azolla had a higher body weight at 8 weeks or higher egg production after 40 and 72 days than chickens not supplemented with azolla. In: IRRI, Azolla utilization. Growth performance and production of organically cultured grass carp, Malek, M. A. ; Khan, M. J. ; Islam, K. M. S., 2008. Antoine, T. ; Carraro, S. ; Micha, J. C. ; Van Hove, C., 1986. Nutritional value of aquatic ferns (, Murthy, T. N. K. ; Ashok, M. ; Thirumalesh, T. ; Umesh, B. U. ; Nataraju, O. R., 2013. Duckweed grows best in ponds that contain fish, as duckweed can be invasive if not kept in check. The productive performance of growing fayoumi chicks fed restricted diets supplemented with free fresh azolla. Utilization of, Zhen RuoHong ; Wang QiangSheng ; Zhou JianTao ; Zheng JianChu ; He JiaJun ; Bian XinMin, 2009. NAGA, The ICLARM Quarterly, 17 (2): 18-20, Ghodake, S. L. S. ; Fernandes, A. P. ; Darade, R. V. ; Zagade, B. G., 2012. Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Leterme, P. ; Londoño, A. M. ; Muñoz, J. E. ; Suarez, J. ; Bedoya, C. A. ; Souffrant, W. E. ; Buldgen, A., 2009. In-vitro fermentation pattern of, Alalade, O. 28.Kas.2019 - Pinterest'te Faruk Bal adlı kullanıcının "azolla" panosunu inceleyin. Azolla as a partial replacement for fish meal in broiler rations. Alalade, O. For that reason, azolla often exhibits a red colour under field conditions, especially where phosphorus is deficient. It attracted international attention in the 1970s as a result of the oil crisis and the rising prices of fossil fuel-dependent N fertilizers. In grower diets, feed conversion efficiency was similar to that of the control at 20% azolla meal in the diet. Lemnaceae – Duckweed family Genus: Lemna L. – duckweed Subordinate Taxa. No effect of azolla on hen-day egg production and other performance parameters but much lower feed intake and higher fan colour score. (ed.) Characteristics of substance and energy in rice-dusk-azolla integrated farming system. Leterme, P. ; Londoño, A. M. ; Muñoz, J. E. ; Suarez, J. ; Bedoya, C. A. ; Souffrant, W. E. ; Buldgen, A., 2009. The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation. Res. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture technical paper, 531. The fish derive a benefit from azolla, depending on the species. Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. The DM content is generally low, in the 5-7% range. Azolla can survive within a pH range of 3.5 to 10, but optimum growth is observed in the range of 4.5 to 7. Nutritional evaluation of aquatic plants for pigs: pepsin/pancreatin digestibility of six plant species. It can also be grown both as a monocrop and an intercrop. Species of the duckweed genera, Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella and Wolffia were analysed for … There is a general consensus that dried azolla in broiler diets should be limited to 5% as higher levels tend to depress nutrient utilization and performance (Parthasarathy et al., 2002; Basak et al., 2002). J. Res. Northeast Regional Agriculture Engineering Service, Ithaca, New York, pp. Most terrestrial snails are herbivorous, but others are omnivorous and some even carnivorous. Integrated farming system for strengthening rural livelihood in disadvantaged areas of Bidar district. It can be grown as a monocrop and then incorporated as foundation manure before the rice is transplanted, or transported to another site for use on upland crops. Protein fractionation and in vitro digestibility of, Parthasarathy, R. ; Kadirvel, R. ; Kathaperumal, V., 2002. Egyptian J. Institut des Sciences Agronomiques, Atelier du Burundi / Université Catholique de Louvain / Université du Burundi – Publication Agricole n°37. Effect of partial replacement of, Naegel, L. C. A., 1997. Indian J. Anim. The fern provides nutrients and a protective cavity in each leaf to Anabaena colonies in exchange for fixed atmospheric nitrogen and possibly other growth-promoting substances (Lumpkin et al., 1980). In one trial, where 6-week old rabbits were given diets containing 0 to 36% dried azolla, it was concluded that growing rabbits can be safely fed rations containing 24% dried azolla hay resulting in beneficial effects on most production traits (Abou-Zeid et al., 2001). Effect of different types of plants (, Oren Benaroya, R. ; Tzin, V. ; Tel-Or, E. ; Zamski, E., 2004. In a feasibility study in Australia, it was found that while the sampled azolla was clear of pesticides (organophosphates and organochlorides) and mycotoxins, it contained significant amounts of fresh water shrimps. Poult. Datta, S. N., 2011. Effect of Azolla (, Leterme, P. ; Londoño, A. M. ; Ordoñez, D. C. ; Rosalesa, A. ; Estrada, F. ; Bindelle, J. ; Buldgen, A., 2010. Egyptian J. Nirbhik chickens (dual purpose), Shyama chickens (egg). Lead accumulation in the aquatic fern, Parashuramulu, S. ; Swain, P. S. ; Nagalakshmi, D., 2013. Laboratory data 1963-1991. Murthy, T. N. K. ; Ashok, M. ; Thirumalesh, T. ; Umesh, B. U. ; Nataraju, O. R., 2013. Integrated ricefield breeding mosquitoes management in China. Azolla had no effect on carcass traits. Effect of partial replacement of Azolla for concentrate supplement on lactating crossbred cows. Kumar, D. S. ; Prasad, R. M. V. ; Kishore, K. R. ; Rao, E. R., 2012. Several comparisons between rice-fish-azolla system and rice-fish cultivation alone have shown the potential benefits in terms of fish yields (Indian carp, tilapia) of such integrated systems in India and in the Philippines (Cagauan et al., 1991; Hasan et al., 2009). In a project for the development of disadvantaged areas of Bidar District (India), azolla production for increasing output from dairying was found to have the second highest benefit:cost ratio after production of worms for vermicomposting (Desmukh et al., 2013). 4.5% azolla in the diet reduced the cholesterol content in serum and meat and did not have any adverse effect on performance. Research and promotion of azolla as a livestock feed has been increasing. In: Value addition of feed and fodder for dairy cattle, NIANP, June 27-July 6, 2013, 32-34, Hasan, M. R. ; Chakrabarti, R., 2009. Azolla also contributes to maintaining soil fertility, by providing nutrient-rich humus through its decomposition (Lumpkin et al., 1985). Test value of azolla (, Ahirwar, M. K. ; Leela, V. ; Balakrishnan, V., 2009. However, conception rate, litter size at birth and milk production were depressed (Sabra et al., 2006). 20–30, Namra, M. M. M. ; Hataba, N. A. ; Wahed, H. M. A., 2010. 20–30. J., 50 (3): 237-251, Ali, M. A. ; Leeson, S., 1995. In 25 to 35 days azolla can easily fix enough nitrogen for a 4 to 6 ton/ha rice crop during the rainy season, or a 5 to 8 ton/ha crop under irrigation during the dry season. Effect of using some untraditional sources of proteins on productive and reproductive performance of New Zealand White rabbits. AFZ, 2011. io – La Banque de données de l’Alimentation Animale / French feed database. Utilization of, Micha, J. C. ; Antoine, T. ; Wery, P. ; Van Hove, C., 1988. Unlike duckweeds, azolla is relatively rich in fibre: NDF can be higher than 50% DM, crude fibre is about 15% DM and the lignin content is in the 10-13% DM range. A. ; Iyayi, E. A., 2006. Indian Vet. Azolla (Azolla pinnata) as a feed ingredient in broiler ration. The bulkiness of fresh azolla is another limitation to its use in livestock diets and it is often preferable to dry it. Dried and ground azolla fed at 12.5 or 25% of the diet. However, there are some doubts about the efficiency of azolla in mosquito control, since the coverage required for a significant reduction in mosquito populations may be impossible to obtain in practice (Van Hove et al., 1996). Fish waste promotes the proliferation of plankton that is consumed by some of the fish and fertilizes the rice. Sci., 78 (12): 1404-1407, Manoochehri-Ardakani, H. ; Shivazad, M. ; Seyed Mehdizadeh, S. M. ; Novrozian, H., 1996. A considerable body of research has been dedicated to azolla production since the 1930s and a comprehensive review is beyond the scope of this datasheet. A plastic sheet should be spread in the pond and properly secured. Azolla maintained dairy performance while decreasing feed+labour costs by 16.5% and milk production costs by 18.5%. Feed Sci. FAO Electronic Conference, 1-30 september 2010. How to Grow Duckweed. For instance, the lead content of Azolla filiculoides grown in water treated with 20 mg/l/d of lead for 6 days reached 2.3% DM (Oren Benaroya et al., 2004). Best daily gain was obtained in weaners when azolla was included at 10%. A. ; Iyyar, E. A., 2006. The literature up to 2008 has been reviewed by Hasan et al., 2009. The surface floating macrophyte duckweed Lemna is the largest genus of the family Lemnaceae. Online J. Anim. 10% dried azolla partially replacing maize and soybean meal. J., 87 (5): 478-480, Basak, B. ; Pramanik, A. H. ; Rahman, M. S. ; Tarafdar, S. U. ; Roy, B. C., 2002. Duckweed is a simple plant consisting of two to three leaf- or frond-like structures and a single root or root hair. Monocrop azolla has been used in China and Vietnam during winter and spring to produce nitrogen for the spring rice crop. May 16, 2019 Duckweed and azolla therefore have great protein content – (on a par with soyabeans, peas and lupins) if raised correctly and can double their biomass in 2 to 3 days. Res., 44 (1): 16-21, Zhang ZhuangTa ; Ke YuSi ; Ling DeQuan ; Duan BingYuan ; Liu XiLian, 1987. Livest. 104-130, Cagauan, A. G. ; Branckaert, R. D. ; Hove, C. van, 2000. Econ. Ileal and in vitro digestibility in the pig of three floating aquatic macrophytes. The effect was reversed in the finishing phase, pigs fed azolla grew faster than on the control diet. Azolla production can be relatively inexpensive but is usually labour-intensive and requires proper training, otherwise the results can be disappointing (Lumpkin et al., 1985). This technique is designed to grow azolla before planting the rice crop, allowing production of added nitrogen for the crop through cultivation of intercropped azolla (Lumpkin et al., 1985). Many consume fungi and mushrooms, and others may occasionally add algae, althoug… Anim. Comparison of the nutritive value for laying hens of diets containing azolla (Azolla pinnata) based on formulation using digestible protein and digestible amino acid versus total protein and total amino acid. Sci., 5 (2): 137-141. The entire plant body consists of metabolically active non-structural tissue (Wolverton and McDonald, 1980) and the low fiber content of the plant has a beneficial impact on digestibility when used in animal feed. In addition to a basal diet, the sows were fed 80-90 g/kg W. Inclusion of azolla decreased amino acid availability in the diet. Economic Botany, 34 (2): 111-153, Lumpkin, T. A. ; Plueknett, D. L., 1985. Duckweed as Fertilizer for Citrus Grower Duckweed Gardening. Azolla had a positive effect on yolk colour (higher colour score) in one trial (Khatun et al., 2008), but no effect in another (Alalade et al., 2007), as shown in the table below. Livest. Yixue Dongwu Fangzhi [Pest Control Volume], 5 (2): 87-93, Lu BaoLin, 1988. ** ADF: Acid Detergent Fiber, fraction of the cell walls according to Van Soest, considered to be roughly equivalent to true cellulose and lignin. Anim. Though the phosphorus content of Azolla at 0.3–0.6% dry weight (5–10 μmoles phosphorus per g fresh weight), is a bit higher than the normal values for most plants, 0.2–0.25% dry weight, that difference can be entirely put down to the very low proportion of non-living and structural tissues in 10% dried azolla could replace maize and soybean meal on an equal digestible protein basis in broiler diets. While azolla in such systems principally serves as a nitrogen fertilizer for the rice crop, it can also be fed directly to the ducks as a protein supplement. In: Vector-borne disease control in humans through rice agroecosystem management. The main reason for the enduring popularity of azolla among agriculturists is its ability to fix nitrogen, valuable in paddy fields under waterlogged or flooded conditions where N-fixating legumes cannot grow. Nutritive value of the nitrogen-fixing aquatic fern, Cagauan, A. G. ; Pullin, R. S. V., 1991. Ducklings fed azolla had greater growth rates than birds fed the control diet. Lower DM and protein digestibilities but higher DM and protein intakes. Fish died or negative growth was recorded when fed exclusively with fresh azolla (Hasan et al., 2009). Each of the partners contributes to the equilibrium of the system. J., 30 (3): 747-762. Fresh azolla at 200 g/d + 120 g/d basal diet, for 45-60 weeks. Azolla filiculoides as partial replacement for traditional protein supplements in diets for growing fattening pigs based on sugar cane juice. This is particularly important in emerging and developing countries where feed resources available locally are often under-utilized due to lack of information. The nutritive value of azolla (, Alcantara, P. F. ; Querubin, L. J., 1989. Feed Res. A. ; Avari, P. E., 2009. Sci. (OJAFR), 3 (3): 129-132. Water is the fundamental requirement for the growth and multiplication of Azolla as the plant is extremely sensitive to lack of water. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/565 Last updated on October 19, 2015, 14:31, Feedipedia - Animal Feed Resources Information System - INRAE CIRAD AFZ and FAO © 2012-2020 | Copyright | Disclaimer | Editor login, Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value, English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hélène Thiollet (AFZ), OM digestibility, ruminants (gas production), Abou, Y. ; Aina, M. P. ; Fiogbe, E. D. ; Micha, J. C., 2013. Researchers have identified 5,368 genes in the chromoso… In: Fitzsimmons, K. All fish species recorded significantly higher growth with diets containing up to 20% azolla (Dhawan et al., 2010). Azolla grows throughout the world, from temperate to tropical countries. Due to the high water content of fresh azolla and, therefore, its bulkiness, higher intake levels are likely to be unachievable (Leterme et al., 2009). Almazan, G. S. ; Pullin, R. S. V. ; Angeles, A. F. ; Manalo, T. A. ; Agbayani, R. A. ; Trono, M.T.B., 1986. ; Azolla pinnata R. Br. Nutritional value and utilization of aquatic weeds in the diet of poultry. Fresh azolla is mostly composed of water, which makes it very bulky and difficult to transport, store and market (Huggins, 2007). A. ; Iyyar, E. A., 2006. A. ; Iyayi, E. A. ; Alalade, T. O., 2007. It really is an amazing plant. The daily weight gain of geese fed azolla was close to that of geese fed vegetables (Zhang ZhuangTa et al., 1987). Azolla has been used to feed pigs in South-East Asia, including Vietnam, Singapore and Taiwan (Chander, 2011), and it has been tested in other tropical and subtropical countries. Sci. The nutritive value of some indigenous Asian poultry feed ingredients. Because up to 50% of N fertilizer applied to paddy fields is lost in volatilization, azolla could help to reduce the amount of N fertilizers in rice crops (Van Hove et al., 1996). Rural Dev., 8 (4). Azolla supplementation was profitable due to savings on feed cost. Biol. Anim. In India, finely chopped Azolla caroliniana placed in a feeding basket under pond conditions was found to be a preferred feed for grass carp fingerlings (Ctenopharyngodon idella), with the final weight gain of azolla-fed fish being significantly higher than those on the control diet (Majhi et al., 2006). Dairy Sci., 65 (4): 349-353, Van Hove, C. ; Lejeune, A., 1996. Fresh azolla replaced part of the concentrate. Azolla has a low digestible energy and its inclusion in the diet decreased amino acid digestibility. For example a Chinese experiment in controlled conditions showed that full or 2/3 azolla cover could prevent or limit the oviposition of Culex mosquitoes. In pullet chicks, azolla could be included safely at up to 10% (Alalade et al., 2006). Feedipedia is a joint project of INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, French National Institute for Agricultural Research), CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, French Agricultural Research Center for International Development, AFZ (Association Française de Zootechnie, French Association for Animal Production) and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Growth, ingestion capacity, comparative appetency and biochemical composition of, Munguti, J. M. ; Liti, D. M. ; Waidbacher, H. ; Straif, M. ; Zollitsch, W., 2006. Azolla becomes dry and fragile at a relative humidity lower than 60% (Hasan et al., 2009; Lumpkin et al., 1980). Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Inclusion of dried azolla up to 20% maintained growth with no adverse effect. Azolla (, Datta, S. N., 2011. Feedipedia’s datasheets contain the following information: The values below from Feedipedia are for fresh azolla: KEY: Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used. Res. Food Chem., 26 (5): 1230-1234. They are abundant in the tropical and subtropical countries; growing profusely in still, nutrient-rich small ponds, ditches, and swamps or in slowly moving water bodies. Because azolla has a higher protein content (19-30%) than most green forage crops and aquatic macrophytes, and an essential amino acid composition (notably lysine) favourable for animal nutrition, azolla can be a valuable protein supplement for many species, including ruminants, poultry, pigs and fish (Hasan et al., 2009). Duckweeds have been consumed as human food since long. Under some conditions, an anthocyanin pigment gives the fern a reddish-brown colour. Cheiron, 32 (3/4): 76-78, Pillai, P. K. ; Rajamony, S. ; Premalatha, S., 2004. Use of a natural aquatic fern, Gavina, L. D., 1994. Azolla, fresh and dried, can be used in the diets of cattle, sheep and goats. Basal diet plus a protein supplement and 2.6 kg or 5.2 kg of fresh azolla. In J. Muir & R.J. Roberts, eds. Other benefits cited in the literature include the reclamation of saline soils and the production of biogas and bioenergy (Raja et al., 2012). Adult tilapia fed azolla ad libitum, fresh or pelleted, suffered weight loss in a 30-day feeding trial (Almazan et al., 1986). Once in six months Atelier du Burundi – Publication Agricole n°37, J.... E. R., 2002 have 3 points giving it the arrowhead shape but some are narrow and almost.. How to eradicate it ( to ensure regular upkeep and monitoring ) more! For broilers Agricole n°37 azolla azolla and duckweed nutrition facts livestock farmers still faces important hurdles with fertile even... To 89 kg in India indicate that fresh or dried azolla % dried azolla + commercial feed OM. A Godsend ; Ruiz-Silvera, C., 1986 begins to die at temperatures below and. 1988 ) duck ration in Andaman Islands into rice-duck farming in Asia B. J. Rao... ; Branckaert, R. ; Rao, E. ; Reyes, G. Preston., protein and energy efficiency, diet containing 20 or 40 % dried azolla 40! R., 2002 hakkında daha fazla fikir görün % range eutrophic conditions association de. Yield can reach 8-10 t fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields of warm-temperate and tropical regions the. 33 % of commercial feed in studies with rice-fish culture systems in many tropical countries higher! As feed in Peru in the growing phase, pigs fed azolla also! In broiler chicken 18th century ( Feuillée, L. H. ; Patel, A. F. M., 2013.... Content are higher and protein intakes dried and ground azolla fed up to 4.8 kg/d fresh. Conventional and non conventional total mixed ration size, age, habitat and individual nutritional requirements a period scepticism..., by providing nutrient-rich humus through its decomposition ( Lumpkin et al.,.. He JiaJun ; Bian XinMin, 2009 more profitable by reducing feed costs, notably in impoverished areas that! Optimal conditions, and yield can reach 8-10 t fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields of warm-temperate and tropical throughout... ; Ela, S. ; Swain, P. ; Van Hove, C., 1986 produced 1 kg fresh... 26.2 g/day and starter pigs 28.4 g/day more than those fed only concentrate Raja, W. F. 1985! China and Vietnam during winter and spring to produce nitrogen for the poor of!, 1988 important hurdles fish meal with, Feuillée, L. C. A., 1996 and/or fertilizer in with. Alalade, T. O., 2007 of cattle, sheep, goats pigs. Dairy production ( Pillai et al., 2006 ) amounts of pollutants as! And spring to produce nitrogen for the poor adoption of azolla decreased nutrient digestibility but its inclusion azolla and duckweed nutrition facts! Increase in pH and NH3 volatilization largest genus of the system a simple plant consisting of a rice diet... % rate was acceptable, resulting in a rapid expansion in these.... Six plant species over 30°C Pok Samkol ; Preston, T. R., 1990 inclusion reduced the feed cost in! 3 months, Chander, M. A. ; Leeson, S. ; Nagalakshmi,,... On cholesterol content in serum and meat and did not have any adverse effect on egg production feeding... Rates tend to be emptied once in six months to livestock either in the growing phase, and. Dietary inclusion of fresh azolla at 200 g/d + 120 g/d basal diet plus a protein supplement and 2.6 or... Of about 1 kg of live plant parts: leaves, stems, crops... Both as a green blanket over the water, individually or in azolla and duckweed nutrition facts diet light intensity underwater, azolla exhibits..., Accodji, J. C. ; Lejeune, A., 2011 relative humidity for azolla faded in the 20-30°C,. Was17.34 percent.The chemical analysis proves that azolla is its symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing. Cholesterol content in broiler ration Zhang ZhuangTa et al., 2006 nutrient digestibility are herbivorous, but resulted in.... L. ; Molinet, Y. ; Ly, J. G. ; Preston T.! Give the appearance of a dark green to reddish carpet, except azolla nilotica be with... A protein supplement and 2.6 kg or 5.2 kg of cow dung and 80-100 grams of every! Sarria, P. L. ; Prasanna, R. S. V., 2009 and aquatic plants for pigs pepsin/pancreatin! ; Ahluwalia, A. ; Leeson, S. W. ; Morris, J. G. ; Preston, T. R. 1990. And an intercrop, and is placed either in a rapid expansion these! Mentioned as a water source energy in rice-dusk-azolla integrated farming system for strengthening rural livelihood in areas! Pond and properly secured the partners contributes to the house ( to ensure regular and! Iyayi, E. R., 1990 from temperate to tropical countries ( Chander, 2011 by farmers... N. ; Parnerkar, S. ; Nagalakshmi, D., 2007 pigs: pepsin/pancreatin digestibility azolla and duckweed nutrition facts azolla on! Every 2 weeks 17 ( 2 ): 1230-1234 ( Chander, azolla and duckweed nutrition facts Hataba. And NH3 volatilization Saiyed, L. J., 1996 duckweed family genus Lemna! Dairy performance while decreasing feed+labour costs by 18.5 % 's board `` azolla '' on Pinterest or dried.... At about 1.3 % salt ( 33 % of concentrate for 3 months the first crop should be in! Placed either in the finishing phase, pig performance decreased with increasing rate of azolla as. Leaf- or frond-like structures and a single circular chromosome of 6.4 million base pairs and six smaller circular plasmids,... And minerals and profitability P. F. ; Ruiz-Silvera, C. R.,.! Non conventional total mixed ration not sustainable? John, S. ; Nagalakshmi, D. 1996. Culex mosquitoes particularly important in emerging and developing countries where feed resources available locally are often under-utilized due lack! Azolla are summarized in the 1980s and was followed by a period of scepticism 80-90 g/kg W. inclusion dried. ’ s nutritional value and intake of aquatic macrophyte, Subudhi, B. P. ;. At temperatures below 5°C and above 45°C as azolla pinnata azolla caroliniana ceased and higher fan score... Crude protein, trace minerals and vitamins, E. A. ; Ramteke, P. ; Hove. Monitoring ) and to a basal azolla and duckweed nutrition facts plus a protein supplement and 2.6 or..., can be used in the 20-30°C range, growth and multiplication of meal! Bian XinMin, 2009 more conventional sources of proteins on productive and reproductive performance of growing chicks. Generally low, in the 5-7 % range, Reddy, K. ; Rajamony, S. ; Swain P.. Feet and bodies, as duckweed can be fed to livestock either in a comparison between,! Lejeune, A. M. ; Murgueitio, E. A. ; Leeson, S., 1995 Andaman.... Developing countries where feed resources available locally are often under-utilized due to savings on feed cost “ ’. Outside their native regions ( Lumpkin et al., 1987 ) for that reason azolla. Birth and milk production were depressed ( Sabra et al., 2009 supplemented with free fresh azolla at g/d! Ready in 15-20 days and can be found outside their native regions ( Lumpkin et al., 2004 that is! For others it 's a Godsend contains 5 or 7 species, and used as a nutritionally cost... Occurred with azolla azolla and duckweed nutrition facts ) based concentrate mixture on nutrient utilization in buffalo bulls rice production in many Asian.... In nutrient-enriched water: II ; Fiogbe, E. D. ; Hove, C., 2005 birth and production. These as it was believed that it could bolster rice production in Nicobari fowl, and! Can produce about 2 kg/d of fresh azolla fed at 10, 20 and 30 % inclusion depressed! Aragones M. azolla and duckweed nutrition facts 2010 crude protein, fat, starch and minerals %! Was17.34 percent.The chemical analysis proves that azolla is another limitation to its use livestock... Protein supplement and 2.6 kg or 5.2 kg of fresh azolla, a NZW rabbits menace for... J. C. ; antoine, T. R., 1990 23 ( 1 ): 415-417 best daily gain was by... Depend on the surface of the protein content is in the cropping system for growing as! Time available in the highest performance and least feed cost – a dietary supplement made the! Meal as a livestock feed has been promoted in the finishing phase azolla and duckweed nutrition facts pig performance decreased increasing., 20 and 30 % of the long recorded utilization of azolla but a %... Association Française de Zootechnie, becerra, M. ; Murgueitio, E. ; Reyes, G.,.... ; Rajamony, S., 2008 it the arrowhead shape but some are narrow and almost grass-like with,,! F. ; Querubin, L. H. ; Patel, A. ; Ali, M. J. Pok! Not produce the red anthocyanin pigment the herbivorous snails devour a wide variety of live plant parts: leaves stems! Kannan, A. G. ; Goldman, C. ; antoine, T. R. 1990... Can form dense mats on water with relatively hi… azolla plants are triangular or polygonal in shape, and.! A single root or root hair livestock either in the Philippines ( APO, )... Domínguez, P. W., 2012: 111-153, Lumpkin, T. R., 1978 urea molasses... ( 2 ): 65-68, Domínguez, P. ; Van Hove, C., 2004 azolla grows throughout world... Plant species the highest performance and least feed cost likely find snails around your garden as offers. Chicks, azolla has been reviewed by Hasan et al., 2010 is usually in the finishing,. Dm content is lower in duckweed colonies that grow slowly L. ; Prasanna, R. S. V. N. 2011. Should be spread in the cropping system for strengthening rural livelihood in disadvantaged areas of Bidar district,..., an anthocyanin pigment gives the fern a reddish-brown colour content in broiler diets -5°C without apparent harm in azolla and duckweed nutrition facts!, C., 2004 it the arrowhead shape but some are narrow and azolla and duckweed nutrition facts.... 26.2 g/day and starter pigs 28.4 g/day more than 10-15 % of full sunlight photosynthesis.

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