how were soldiers transported in ww1

In all theaters an enormous effort went into building, maintaining and expanding the infrastructure that supported this level of war. FM 90-3/FMFM 7-27, Desert Operations, G-3. How were Australian soldiers transported back to Australia after WW1? Explore the many ways you can help to support the incredibly rich and varied heritage. Maude paused to shore up his logistics and because “disease season” had arrived. (ed. 8-9. The Tigris was navigable to shallow-draft vessels from Basra to a considerable distance upstream of Baghdad. In Britain, the wounded were cared for in a range of buildings around the country, from schools to stately homes. For all armies, clothing issue, repair and reissue was a large and significant task. Chickering, Roger / Förster, Stig (eds. The Indian Army during World War I contributed a large number of divisions and independent brigades to the European, Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of war in World War I.Over one million Indian troops served overseas, of whom 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. Poignant archive pictures show the ambulance trains that transported soldiers wounded in First World War to hospitals across Britain e-mail I love the way the nurses were dressed. Canadian troops were feared by the Germans Canadian soldiers resting in a trench This took more effort than one might assume at first glance. 25-33; Wolmar, Christian: Engines of War: How Wars were Won and Lost on the Railways, New York 2010, pp. [18] Indeed, the global death toll of the pandemic, at least 50 and possibly over 100 million, killed far more than died in battle during the entire war. 228-232. Fort Leavenworth 1931-32, p. 17. Henniker, A.M.: Transportation on the Western Front, 1914-1918. These requirements would have run up to two liters per hour per man for hard labor during the heat of the day and one liter per hour in cooler conditions or at night. Logistics is a critical part of both modern life and of modern military endeavor. [52] Marshall’s inland water transport ran a daily average of nearly 3,700 tons of supplies from this base port to the river head at Mosul, 792 river miles upstream. On the surface, this ought not to have been an issue since it required the .303 cartridge used by the Lee Enfield. Britain and France, on the other hand, could call on the resources of their empires for support. Testing vertical aerial photography methods at British Camp on the Malvern Hills. It was a special surgical hospital for orthopaedic cases. Indeed, one of the primary reasons for the plethora of RN bases in out of the way places such as Port Stanley in the Falklands was to provide ready access to coal supplies, thus extending the range of their fleet assets to a global scale. Newell, Clayton R.: Logistic Art. For the total death estimate see Barry, John M.: The Great Influenze: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History, London 2005, p. 397 and 452 and pp. Erickson, Ordered to Die 2001, pp. [29] In 1914 Britain’s maritime power, the combination of the strength of a nation’s navy and the transport capacity of its merchant marine,[30] was essentially devoted to the maintenance of the British economy. All armies invested enormously in infrastructure development, but French, British and American building included significant port expansion to handle more ships simultaneously. Conditions on every fighting front posed serious issues for the health of soldiers during the First World War. ): Feeding Mars, Logistics in Western Warfare from the Middle Ages to the Present, Boulder 1993, pp. I knewEdmonton Military Hospitalas it was close to where I lived. ON THE NIGHT of September 7, 1914, 600 Paris taxis, according to legend, saved France from disaster. 16-17. Many soldiers had to have further surgery to clean up the hurried efforts of surgeons at the Front. On the roads the requisitioning of draft horses for the army reduced the amount of freight that could be carried. He wrote that for four infantry divisions and one cavalry division he needed “500 tons daily for rations, forage and fuel” with another hundred tons per day for “mails, canteen, ordnance and RE stores” and a variable quantity of ammunition which ranged from ten to 120 tons per day during heavy fighting. A crash between a loaded troop train and 3 other trains near Gretna Green remains the U.K. rail accident with the largest loss of life. It also impacts us in much more subtle ways such as by ensuring a steady supply of coal or natural gas to power plants or by moving waste products to sewage treatment facilities when we flush a toilet. When Black people from Sydney, Nova Scotia volunteered their services, they were told, "This is not for you fellows, this is a white man's war." Finally, a soldier required at least a couple of liters of potable water over and above that contained in their food, plus water for sanitary purposes such as shaving and a means of efficiently disposing of human waste, ideally in a manner that would not result in its being spread liberally about the countryside by shelling. This article offers an overview of what logistics means at the different levels at which wars are fought, details on the kinds of supplies soldiers need in order to fight, the means of transportation available to deliver those supplies and, finally, a brief case study of these dynamics in a largely ignored theater. While Maude succumbed to dysentery on 18 November 1917, his focus, indeed near-obsession, on the lines of communication is evidenced by steady growth in 1917 and then the relative explosion in total tonnage moved in the last half of that year. January was generally bad due to wet weather which all but stopped motorized transport, slowed rail traffic and forced animal transport to be used only for short periods for fear of exhausting them in the mud.[43]. For long distance or inter-continental travel, today’s primary choice is commercial aviation; for shorter distances, the automobile is the first choice of many. Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination, Logistics; supplies; rations; infrastructure, Poster of the 42 cm German artillery shell "Big Bertha", Turkish prisoners constructing a railway, 1917, French truck carrying a tank, France, 1921, British Expeditionary Force, cumulative shell tonnage expended, 1914-1918, British Expeditionary Force, artillery expenditure by type, 1914-1918, Weekly average freight tons on MEF railways and waterways, Canadian forestry troops at work in France, Political, Theater and Tactical Logistics. The Indian Army during World War I contributed a large number of divisions and independent brigades to the European, Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of war in World War I.Over one million Indian troops served overseas, of whom 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. A lack of overseas bases and the need for modern ships to re-fuel with coal regularly made this a very difficult proposition. This resource reveals the wartime stories of three buildings that temporarily became hospitals. The youngest soldier to die in WWI was 15. During the First World War, this had to be done daily, whatever the conditions, because the soldiers on the front lines could not simply go to the rear to pick supplies up at their leisure. Troop trains were a major means of transporting troops to near to the front. Today, most goods travel in shrink-wrapped, palletized and containerized form and require few dock workers to load or unload. We take for granted that today we can move goods and people faster and in vastly greater volumes than in 1914. Many wounded were transported by water in hospital barges. [36] Finally, once it leaves port, a warship is effectively a self-contained ecosystem carrying with it all it requires until it again reaches port—fuel, ammunition, water, food and shelter for its crew. Roy, From defeat to victory 2010, pp. [1] In most simplistic terms, some civil-military body in each nation asked and answered the question: “how many soldiers and sailors can and will we support in this war and where will we send them?” In most cases, this question had to be asked repeatedly as the war proceeded. Another example of such difficulties is the one faced in general by the Ottomans. Erickson, Ordered to Die 2001, p. 111; Syk, Maude 2012, p. 246. 184-185. [34] Ironically, one TEU is roughly the same size as one of the famous “forty and eight” boxcars that saw use on the French railways during the Great War. Limitations of scale and efficiency in 1914 meant that logisticians of the day had to work extremely hard to build infrastructure and support the troops. transferred to river boats and moved up the Zambezi to Chiromo. 362-365 for some specifics of areas brutally hard-hit by the virus. Beaver, Daniel R.: “Deuce and a Half”: Selecting US Army Trucks, 1920-1945, in: Lynn (ed. overland by wagon, truck or porter to Lake Nyasa. I knew Edmonton Military Hospital as it was close to where I lived. Soldiers were often transported in cattle, or horse trucks once they crossed the chanel. 194-195. Some planes shot people from underneath. Ships of the day used a combination of cranes, booms and manual labor with everything being loaded through large cargo hatches on the ship’s main deck. These meetings frequently brought German commercial and diplomatic personnel into disputes with neutral parties. Soldiers were often transported in cattle, or horse trucks once they crossed the chanel. However, the service of animals during times of military conflict often goes unmentioned. It is useful to consider just how much things have changed during the past century. By February 1917 he had reached a point where he could provide reasonable estimates to the War Office of the kind of daily needs his lines of communication had to meet. [37] For example, Vice Admiral Maximilian Graf von Spee (1861-1914) and his East Asiatic Cruiser Squadron based around the modern armored cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau learned of the opening of hostilities on 6 August 1914 while at Ponape in the Carolines. In Europe, Germany’s political-military decision makers had to prepare for the possibility of a two-front war in both the east and west. At the outbreak of the war, roughly 45 percent of the world’s merchant ships in excess of one hundred tons carried British Empire flags; they totaled just over ten thousand ships and roughly 20.5 million tons of shipping. They must also plan to build up the infrastructure in theater to a point where the materiel can be distributed to the troops with regularity. During World War One up to 12 million letters a week were delivered to soldiers, many on the front line. Dover and Folkestone were two of the most important embarkation ports. The contents of what became termed a “divisional pack” filled twenty rail wagons: rations for the troops filled five (two bread, two groceries, one meat), “rations” for the division’s motive power filled ten (four forage, five oats, one petrol) and to this they added a wagon each of coal or coke, mail, ordnance, mechanical transport spares and one additional wagon with miscellaneous goods. The BEF, for example, in spite of beginning the war with a tiny force in France and then dealing with a major shell crisis during 1915, managed to expend 3.4 million metric tons of artillery ammunition over the course of the war (see Figure 1). The armies of 1914-1918 faced the challenge of supplying millions of men in theaters scattered around Eurasia and Africa with, essentially, 19th century technology. Conserving the Fog Battery Station on Lundy Island. For a good description of the term “sharp end” see the introduction to Cook, Tim: At the Sharp End: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1914-1916, Toronto 2007, pp. The holds were converted to 30 bed hospital wards and nurses’ accommodation. See our extensive range of expert advice to help you care for and protect historic places. In contrast, the Ottomans did not have the relative luxury of a navigable river and they faced having to move all of their supply needs overland through a very harsh desert by rail, motorized transport or animal train. All contents had to be moved dockside to a point where the ship’s cranes and booms could access them and lift them into the hold. Selection. Most German planes were red with The Iron Cross, and British planes were green with a white, blue and red circles on the side. While most European great powers had overseas colonies and possessions, the dominance of the Royal Navy (RN) supported by the French and particularly the Japanese in the Pacific meant that the Central Powers had to essentially write off their colonies almost immediately. Were britISh soldiers weLl cared for in world war 1? 44-45. ): The Military Papers of Lieutenant-General Frederick Stanley Maude, 1914-1917, Stroud 2012, pp. Logistics at its core is the art and science of moving things from where they are produced to where they are consumed in a timely and cost-effective manner. Along with a fruit and vegetable shortage. One TEU represents a container that is twenty feet by eight feet by eight feet and roughly 1,150 cubic feet in volume when the container itself is allowed for — the definition varies slightly — and many modern container ships carry 7,500 TEU or more. As a result their resupply generally fell in amongst the supplies being moved to support armies in the field. Canadian troops were feared by the Germans Canadian soldiers resting in a trench [24] The AEF also made extensive use of motorized transport, using 274,000 vehicles during their time in France. In Britain, for example, the War Office, after consultation with the prime minister and his cabinet, decided that they could support France immediately with a British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of four infantry and one cavalry divisions. Whether providing comfort, inspiration, or indispensable service, animals have played a crucial role in militaries and armed conflicts for centuries. Ironically, once these issues had been ironed out, the MEF occupied Kut on 25 February 1917, having begun their push late the prior year on 13 December. During the First World War, this had to be done daily, whatever the conditions, because the soldiers on the front lines could not simply go to the rear to pick supplies up at their leisure. Malnourished, starving, dehydrated or frozen soldiers simply cannot be expected to fight effectively except in cases of direst need. Mail, both letters and packages, took up significant space — up to one rail car per division per day in the case of the BEF. Brown, Ian M.: Transportation and Logistics (Version 1.1), in: 1914-1918-online. In general, non-white people and those born in enemy nations were not welcomed into the military. Stephenson, David: With our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918, Cambridge, MA 2011, p. 341. The Middle East (Palestine) battle front lacked continuous rail lines from Istanbul — supplies headed from Istanbul to Haifa had to be trans-shipped (off-loaded from one rail system and re-loaded on a second) at Pozanti and then a second time at Osmaniye before arriving at Haifa. The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) for example used, maintained and expanded eighty-nine berths in twenty-eight ports and used over 8,000 kilometers of rail lines to move supplies from those ports to storage areas, depots and railheads during 1917 and 1918. WW1 Allied Forces. [4] Food, water and other consumables need to be physically moved from army, corps and divisional areas to the soldiers in the fighting line. Find out about listed buildings and other protected sites, and search the National Heritage List for England (NHLE). This requires a variety of means of transportation: light railways for artillery ammunition, horse and wagon, sometimes motorized transport and often the backs of fellow soldiers to reach the trenches. Indeed, the summer was so hot that it was often described as “leave season” since the idea of carrying out active, high-tempo operations was borderline madness. As a result, armies had to ensure that sufficient stocks of the correct ammunition were readily and plentifully available to front line soldiers. is licensed under: CC by-NC-ND 3.0 Germany - Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivative Works. As Frederick Maude (1864-1917), commander of the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force (MEF) in 1916-17, wrote, “if you feed them well they feel well, and consequently they fight well, and it is money well invested.”[12] The difficulty in providing rations was exacerbated by the fact that the calories supplied needed to comprise a reasonably balanced diet that will not trigger health issues due to a lack of key nutrients. 1-7. Read about our current news, projects and campaigns nationally and in your area. Continental powers likely made similar determinations much earlier on because they began the war with large standing armies and likely knew at the outset what their formations would need daily. [17] The injurious possibilities of disease were also evident in 1918 when the great influenza pandemic swept the globe. London 1927, pp. Many died, as a result. Although slow, the journey was smooth and this time allowed the wounded to rest and recuperate. They made increasing use of the automobile as the war progressed but the true logistic implications of the automobile and airplane would not be illustrated until the next world war. A troopship (also troop ship or troop transport or trooper) is a ship used to carry soldiers, either in peacetime or wartime.Operationally, standard troopships–often drafted from commercial shipping fleets–cannot land troops directly on shore, typically loading and unloading at a seaport or onto smaller vessels, either tenders or barges.. The holds were converted to 30 bed hospital wards and nurses' accommodation. Indeed, by and large we take logistics for granted and only notice when events such as natural disasters cause supply chains to break down because of damage to critical infrastructure. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. High explosive rounds proved inadequate to pierce deeply dug concrete bunkers. [6] Tens of millions of square feet of storage, hundreds of kilometers of rail and light rail, plus roads were under construction simply to put the AEF in a position where they could ensure that their soldiers at the sharp end had what they needed to fight. (S3282_V_0651), Women outside the 3000th Easiform dwelling to be completed in Bristol, watching the opening ceremony through a ground floor window as a policeman guards the entrance nearby, © Historic England Archive. They tended to take the train in Britain, to get to recruiting or training centers. They adopted the infantry division as their standard unit for resupply, as by then they had learned what a division consumed daily regardless of the fighting. While we see competition in the civilian world, business competitors do not attempt to destroy the infrastructure required to move people or things. The war united Canadians at first. Even so, some variation occurred, as with the Ross rifle which the Canadian government chose to issue their soldiers as their primary infantry rifle. 66-67. Halpern, Paul G.: A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis 1994, pp. Lambert, Nicholas A.: Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War, Cambridge, MA 2012, pp. Horses purchased for the Army had to meet certain criteria. Throughout the war the railways were the quickest way of moving people and goods around the country and most places had ready access to a railway station. London 1937, pp. While the BEF did expand from roughly 1.6 million to just over 2 million men from 1917-18, this growth does not explain the dramatic change in ammunition expenditure. Nevertheless, its sheer scale when combined with pre-war ship building output allowed scope for supporting military operations without undue detriment to the economy. Horses usually need to drink about 30 litres of water a day. A soldier also requires shelter — clothing and relief from the weather, even if that relief is little more than a small dugout carved into a trench wall. © Historic England Archive. The fast-changing battle lines in that conflict left little time for soldiers to dig temporary graves, so the dead for the first time were carried from the front and shipped home even while hostilities continued. Italy entered the Allied cause in 1915 and for the next two years the fighting took place between Italian troops and units from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.At the Battle of Caporetto the entire course of the war in Italy changed and it look as if the Italian Army might collapse. 49-50. In 1914, prisoners of war transported to Germany from the Front often had to sleep in fields, where they suffered from exposure, while they waited for their camps to be built. Graham, R. C. L.: British Supply and Evacuation in the Mesopotamia Campaign (IR 220). For starters, capital ships carried far larger and more powerful artillery than armies used; certainly they were heavier than those deployed by brigades or divisions. In total, around 8 million horses from all sides died during the war. Syk, Andrew (ed. This text Read about our latest aerial investigation methods. In the Korean War, America redoubled its commitment to the dead. 103-104. While the automobile began to impact some areas (particularly with its use by the AEF) by the end of the war, it remained eclipsed by the horse. It could not simply be switched over to support overseas military commitments. While land combat gets much of the attention of authors, naval logistics and, for the first time, aerial logistics played roles in the Great War. In November 1915 they pushed from Kut to Ctesiphon, just short of Bagdhad but the Ottomans forced them to fall back to Kut and besieged British forces there from late November 1915 until their ultimate capitulation on 29 April 1916. In comparison, modern container ships are rated in terms of the number of “trailer equivalent units” or TEU that they can nominally carry. Desperate for soldiers, some countries were willing to look the other way, while others, like France, encouraged boys as young as 15 to join. The Mesopotamian front lacked any direct rail links to the Mediterranean and the nearest railhead to the Caucasus front was Ankara. They reached Baghdad two weeks later and consolidated their position there by the end of April 1917 having pushed a hundred miles beyond to Samara. In addition, regular mail service is something that armies needed to provide in order to maintain morale. That's a princely sum of men by any stretch of the imagination I would say. Furthermore, the overland distances they had to cover were considerably longer. Boulogne’s planned imports were 33,875 tons (roughly 135,500 tons per month using four weeks). During the war, millions of animals were used in many different roles to help soldiers in battle and those at home. ): transferred to smaller steamers and shipped eighty miles to Chinde. Not only did armies have to get potable water to the front lines but they also had to provide water to the soldiers and laborers who built their infrastructure at all points from bases and ports through to the front lines. Moreover, its climate at certain times of the year was brutal, with the summer heat placing huge water demands on any strenuous outdoor activity. The battle did not take place in trenches but on pristine meadows [REX] The cabs … Hostilities brought an end to civilian cross-channel shipping and many ferries were requisitioned as troop transports and hospital ships, and some were painted in dazzle camouflage to confuse U-boat crews. The IGN wanted to conduct cruiser warfare as they clearly realized that Britain relied on her merchant marine. It was later moved to Harwich, Listed Grade II. Those with more serious but still treatable injuries were 'patched up' enough to be transported … As such, a large supply of replacements had to be kept readily available and a significant infrastructure grew on the lines of communication for both the distribution and salvage of clothing. The supplies still had to be moved forward by rail, road, wagon and porter to the troops themselves. A horse had to be over three years old, healthy and the right size for the work they were purchased to do - either for riding, for pulling guns or for transport.. In some cases the challenge was even further enhanced by religious dietary requirements. Harwich, Essex, this innovative roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) bridge was erected at the Port of Richborough in 1916 to speed up the supply of war material to the western front. Overall, American forces, including many soldiers from New Jersey, made their most noteworthy contributions in the field at the Battle of Saint Mihiel, from September 12-16, 1918, and during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, from September 26 until the Armistice on November 11, 1918. For examples of both scurvy and dietary issues in Mesopotamia see Roy, Kaushik: From defeat to victory: logistics in the campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914-1918, in: Journal of First World War Studies 1/1 (2010), pp. Posts about WW1 Transport written by sommecourt. The BEF assembled the first fifteen wagons for each division each day at base ports and pushed them forward automatically; the last five wagons were added at a regulating station and the complete train (two divisional packs, forty wagons) arrived at a railhead daily where the two divisions collected the contents. In Kate Luard’s first book published anonymously in 1915 she vividly describes in her letters home her experiences working on the early ambulance trains 1914-1915 transporting wounded soldiers back from the Front to hospitals in the base area. The official ration was 2.5 fluid ounces (about 70ml) per man: twice weekly for soldiers who were serving behind the frontlines or resting, daily for those in the trenches. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2018-02-06. [39] The British, however, had instituted an active hunt for Spee and realized the importance of their coaling station at Port Stanley. Field artillery was designed for mobile warfare. The area in which the British and Ottoman empires faced off was not blessed with abundant transportation infrastructure. A number of therapies were available at the hospitals far away from the battlefield. Ibid., p. 41, p. 291 note 1, p. 243. The First World War marked the shift from a 19 th century, relatively ''ad hoc'' management of prisoners of war, to the 20 th century’s sophisticated prisoner of war camp systems, with their bureaucratic management, rationalization of the labour use of prisoners, and complex modern logistical and security apparatuses. At the time of capture and for the following year, ocean going shipping in Basra unloaded via lighter (barge) from midstream to shore rather than tying up at wharves. 600,000 men and women participated in the war by enlisting as nurses, soldiers and chaplains. They had to be strong as fully armed and equipped soldiers were heavy. Edward Erickson, for example, offers Ottoman Empire figures of 466,759 disease fatalities during the war compared to 305,085 combat dead and missing. : A mobile unit equipped with horse-drawn or motorized ambulances which evacuated soldiers from the Advanced Dressing Station rearward. This consisted of ships running 4,800 to just over 5,600 GRT. The practice of logistics affects us on a daily basis - when we buy groceries in a supermarket, collect the mail or fill our cars with gasoline for example. Vehicles helped soldiers fight it out in the dangerous battle-field, tanks have never been used in warfare before World War 1 everyone was amazed at these new armored monsters (they were very scared as well!). A Tribute to Transport: one of 24 cigarette cards ‘Britain’s Part in the War’ issued by Will’s Cigarettes in 1917. While movement could be slow because the supply had to flow upstream against currents that could reach six miles per hour, this meant Maude did not have to rely on rail or road alone. They were then transferred to a hospital away from the front, where they would be looked after by nurses, most of whom were volunteers. In this case, as Edward Paice relates, most supplies arrived from overseas at Durban, South Africa; from there, the supplies: A second route ran by rail from Cape Town to Livingstone (around 1,500 miles) and then “a further 700 miles by carrier and canoe through Northern Rhodesia to Fife.”[21] All this, as Paice notes, merely got the supplies to the equivalent of a base port in France—into the theater, in other words. Once in, they were treated the same as the older men. Here are some facts about how horses were used in WW1. Battle Hospital in Reading treated casualties who had recently been transported back to Britain, while two country houses in Yorkshire, Temple Newsam House and Lotherton Hall, admitted convalescent soldiers. [50] By the end of the war, Maude’s successor, Lieutenant-General Sir William Marshall (1865-1939), commanded one of the largest riverine fleets in the world – “419 river steamers, 27 hospital steamers, 774 barges and 414 motor boats” operating from what had become a very large base port. Logistic planning at this level involves determining the level of manpower and material support that a nation’s forces require and deciding where to employ that manpower. Experience convinced the U.S. to standardize its trucks in the front gates you can help to support armies the... Back with him and clothing its public archive covering the historic environment cudahy, Brian:! Historic collections in its public archive covering the historic environment of means of transporting troops to to... Not supported cargo barges supplies being moved to Harwich, listed Grade II trench here are some facts how! This intermediate level at which much of the Army had to be available tasks of ’. 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Supply chains of investment, Mesopotamian Campaign 1931-1932, p. 91 and 162 1917 and 1918 by...

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